{"id":33914,"date":"2026-10-08T11:35:10","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T04:35:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/?p=33914"},"modified":"2026-10-08T11:35:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T04:35:10","slug":"cach-xay-thoi-quen-doc-tieng-anh-cho-tre-tu-10-den-14-tuoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/cach-xay-thoi-quen-doc-tieng-anh-cho-tre-tu-10-den-14-tuoi\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1ch x\u00e2y th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh cho tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 14 tu\u1ed5i"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c: ph\u1ee5 huynh mua c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Anh, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho con \u201cm\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecdc 30 ph\u00fat\u201d, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau, s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m nguy\u00ean tr\u00ean k\u1ec7. Th\u1ef1c ra, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebb thi\u1ebfu \u00fd ch\u00ed hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec1u khi, c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: s\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3, n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang s\u1edf th\u00edch, ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi tr\u1ebb 10\u201314 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u1ea7m s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i k\u00e8m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u00e0i t\u1eadp\u201d m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecfi \u201cCon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee7 30 ph\u00fat ch\u01b0a?\u201d, ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c: Con c\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00ecnh th\u00edch kh\u00f4ng? Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1eeba s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng? Con c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 n\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con?<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao <\/span>\u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1eeba s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch<\/b> th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c \u00e9p tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n \u201c\u0111\u00fang chu\u1ea9n\u201d nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3; v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ee5 huynh n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 <\/span>t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh<\/b>, thay v\u00ec bi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00e1ch x\u00e2y th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh cho tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 14 tu\u1ed5i<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Extensive Reading \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang<\/b><\/h2>\n

Extensive Reading<\/b> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Richard Day v\u00e0 Julian Bamford h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a trong cu\u1ed1n <\/span>Extensive Reading in the Second Language Classroom<\/span><\/i> (1998). Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi <\/span>Intensive Reading<\/b> \u2013 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eadm, t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eebng c\u00e2u, t\u1eebng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p \u2013 Extensive Reading khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc <\/span>nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ecdc nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5<\/b>. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 100% t\u1eebng t\u1eeb, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/span>\u00fd ch\u00ednh, th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3<\/b> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i <\/span>Top Ten Principles for Teaching Extensive Reading<\/span><\/i>, Day v\u00e0 Bamford \u0111\u01b0a ra 10 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 huynh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m: <\/span>t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i; tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn n\u1ed9i dung m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc; tr\u1ebb n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t; v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00f4ng tin, s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u00fd chung<\/b>, thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a m\u1ecdi t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eebng c\u00e2u.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m \u201cs\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 huynh th\u1ea5y h\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nhanh, con n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cth\u1eed th\u00e1ch\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u01b0a quen thu\u1ed9c, tr\u1ebb d\u1ec5 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 tra t\u1eeb, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2u v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9i dung. Khi \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. Extensive Reading \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c: <\/span>ch\u1ecdn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1eeba s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecdc li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa \u0111\u1ecdc<\/b>. Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Extensive Reading \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua \u0111\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng qua h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c<\/b><\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ee5 huynh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: <\/span>\u201cCho con \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n tranh, truy\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu nhi th\u00ec h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, trong khi h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp theo danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n?\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb kh\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf: <\/span>tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00fang ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/b>. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Paul Nation (2006) cho th\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng <\/span>98% \u0111\u1ed9 bao ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng<\/b> \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng <\/span>8.000\u20139.000 word families<\/b>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean l\u1edbp.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eady ph\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb <\/span>vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/b>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ecdc. Khi tr\u1ebb g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u1edbi trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u xung quanh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n ngh\u0129a. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb s\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a <\/span>incidental vocabulary acquisition \u2013 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00ecnh c\u1edd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc<\/b>. Tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1eabn d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, <\/span>\u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng t\u1eeb ri\u00eang l\u1ebb<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9. V\u1edbi tr\u1ebb \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec7n d\u1ec5, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c <\/span>graded readers<\/b> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecfi <\/span>\u201cH\u00f4m nay con h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau t\u1eeb?\u201d<\/b>, ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c: <\/span>\u201cCon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u01b0a?\u201d<\/b> Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb tr\u1ebb \u201c\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p\u201d th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb tr\u1ebb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua \u0111\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng qua h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V\u00ec sao 10-14 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1<\/b><\/h2>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Chall (1983) chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3 – “Reading for Learning the New”, kho\u1ea3ng 8-14 tu\u1ed5i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u1edbp 4 tr\u1edf l\u00ean – \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t: t\u1eeb “h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc” (learning to read) sang “\u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc” (reading to learn). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ch\u1eef – nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, gh\u00e9p \u00e2m, \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u. Sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1eeb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 “b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c” \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed9i dung – to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang ch\u1eef thay v\u00ec hi\u1ec3u \u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch theo tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/b><\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 5 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a S\u00e9n\u00e9chal v\u00e0 LeFevre (2002) cho th\u1ea5y <\/span>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/b>. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 huynh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb; hai l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t <\/span>m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u s\u00e1ch<\/b>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng con \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ch trong nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u00e1ch. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n <\/span>v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nghe hi\u1ec3u<\/b>, v\u00e0 hai n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb \u1edf l\u1edbp 3. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 huynh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u2013 vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng: <\/span>vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 huynh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cgi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0<\/b>. V\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh 10\u201314 tu\u1ed5i, vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m tra con \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau t\u1eeb, hi\u1ec3u t\u1eebng c\u00e2u hay l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang t\u1eebng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb <\/span>mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ba vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: <\/span>\u0111\u1ec3 con c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1edf th\u00edch; t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 con \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y; v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u con \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc thay v\u00ec bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra<\/b>. Khi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qua th\u1eddi gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch theo tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/b><\/h2>\n

X\u00e2y th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ecdc cho h\u1ecdc sinh 10-14 tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec7n \u00e9p \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hay ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 “th\u1eed th\u00e1ch”. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Extensive Reading v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 free voluntary reading \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: s\u00e1ch d\u1ec5, \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00ec th\u00edch th\u00fa m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f3i quen b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. V\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng l\u1edbn – th\u1ee9 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 huynh mu\u1ed1n con \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c – th\u1ef1c ra h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng <\/span>Reading Habit cho h\u1ecdc sinh 10\u201314 tu\u1ed5i<\/b> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u con \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 gi\u00fap con t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, duy tr\u00ec th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfng Anh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ea7u tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

In<\/span> ETEST<\/b><\/a>, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/span> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/span><\/a> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n <\/span>v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, Reading Comprehension v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Anh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/b>. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u00e0i t\u1eadp, ETEST h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecdc sinh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau <\/span>IELTS<\/span><\/a>, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 <\/span>du h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/a> trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea1i ETEST, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfng Anh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, Reading Comprehension v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Anh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Reading Habit cho h\u1ecdc sinh 10\u201314 tu\u1ed5i:<\/b><\/h2>\n

N\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh cho tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/b><\/h3>\n

H\u00e3y xem l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. \u01afu ti\u00ean m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, luy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi quay l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng?<\/b><\/h3>\n

L\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m tra n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed7i, hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd sai.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 huynh n\u00ean theo d\u00f5i?<\/b><\/h3>\n

H\u1ecdc sinh n\u00ean ghi l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng l\u1ed7i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n luy\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ee5 huynh n\u00ean nh\u00ecn xu h\u01b0\u1edbng qua nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. Khi l\u1ed7i c\u0169 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u00edt d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

ETEST c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1eeba s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb duy tr\u00ec th\u00f3i quen m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

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\n 5\/5 - (677 votes) <\/div>\n <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c: ph\u1ee5 huynh mua c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Anh, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho con \u201cm\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecdc 30 ph\u00fat\u201d, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau, s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m nguy\u00ean tr\u00ean k\u1ec7. Th\u1ef1c ra, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebb thi\u1ebfu \u00fd ch\u00ed hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec1u khi, […]\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":33915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,318],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc","category-hoc-tieng-anh"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33914","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33914"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33914\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33920,"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33914\/revisions\/33920"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33914"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33914"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/demo.puramu.dev\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}